Aristotle has defined tragedy his work most appreciated work “Poetics”. In “Poetics” , he
explores the nature of drama and provides guidelines for its composition.
According to Aristotle, tragedy is a form of
dramatic art that imitates an action of serious magnitude and arouses pity and
fear in the audience. Here are the major
points of Aristotle’s definition of tragedy:
1.
Plot: Aristotle considered the plot to be the most important element of a tragedy. He defined it as ‘the
arrangement of events that make up the story’. The plot should have a beginning,
middle, and end, and it should be
structured in a way that allows for a catharsis
of emotions in the audience.
Aristotle emphasized the importance of unity
and coherence in the plot, with a cause-and-effect chain of actions leading to the tragic
outcome. Aristotle distinguished
between two types of plots — Complex Plot
and Simple Plot. A complex plot is also
known as a “peripety” plot. It involves a change in the protagonist’s circumstances,
leading to a reversal of fortune. A simple plot, on the other hand, does not
involve a reversal but still maintains the unity and coherence of events.
Aristotle considered complex plots to be superior because they offer greater
opportunities for emotional impact and intellectual engagement.
2.
Character: Aristotle believed that characters
in a tragedy should be true to life and consistent in their actions and motivations. They should have virtues
and flaws, with a particular focus
on the protagonist or tragic hero. The tragic hero is a person of noble stature who experiences a
downfall due to a tragic flaw (hamartia),
such as hubris (excessive pride) or a lack of self-awareness.
3.
Thought: Aristotle emphasized the importance of thought or “dianoia” in
tragedy. He believed that a
tragedy should explore profound ideas and universal truths, allowing the audience to gain insights into the human
condition and moral dilemmas. The characters’ speeches and dialogues should
reflect the depth of their thoughts and provide intellectual stimulation.
4.
Diction: Diction refers to the language and style used in a tragedy.
According to Aristotle, the language should be clear, powerful, and appropriate for the characters and the
situation. It should evoke emotions
in the audience and enhance the overall impact of the play.
5.
Music and Spectacle: In ancient Greek drama, music and spectacle were integral parts
of a tragedy. While Aristotle acknowledged their importance, he considered them
to be secondary to the plot and characters. Music and spectacle should complement
the dramatic action and not overshadow the other elements of tragedy.
Aristotle’s definition of tragedy has had a significant
influence on Western literature and theater, and his ideas continue to be
studied and debated by scholars and playwrights to this day.
