What is the first step in conducting research?
A) Identifying a research question
B) Collecting data
C) Analyzing data
D) Writing a research report
Answer: A) Identifying a research question
Which of the following is not a type of research
design?
A) Experimental design
B) Survey design
C) Case study design
D) Descriptive design
Answer: D) Descriptive design
What is the difference between a population and a
sample?
A) A population is a subset of a sample
B) A sample is a subset of a population
C) A population and a sample are the same thing
D) A population refers to qualitative data, while a
sample refers to quantitative data
Answer: B) A sample is a subset of a population
Which of the following is an example of a
quantitative research method?
A) Focus group
B) Case study
C) Survey
D) Ethnography
Answer: C) Survey
What is a hypothesis?
A) A prediction about the outcome of a research
study
B) A statement of fact
C) A research question
D) A summary of previous research studies
Answer: A) A prediction about the outcome of a
research study
What is a literature review?
A) A summary of previous research studies on a
specific topic
B) A method for collecting data
C) A statistical analysis of data
D) A method for presenting research findings
Answer: A) A summary of previous research studies
on a specific topic
Which of the following is a type of sampling
technique?
A) Descriptive sampling
B) Experimental sampling
C) Snowball sampling
D) Analytic sampling
Answer: C) Snowball sampling
What is a research proposal?
A) A document outlining a research project and its
methodology
B) A summary of previous research studies
C) A report of research findings
D) A publication of a completed research study
Answer: A) A document outlining a research project
and its methodology
Which of the following is an example of a
qualitative research method?
A) Survey
B) Experiment
C) Case study
D) Randomized controlled trial
Answer: C) Case study
What is a research instrument?
A) A tool used to collect data in a research study
B) A summary of previous research studies
C) A report of research findings
D) A publication of a completed research study
Answer: A) A tool used to collect data in a
research study
What is a variable in a research study?
A) Any factor that can be manipulated or measured
in a study
B) A summary of previous research studies
C) A report of research findings
D) A publication of a completed research study
Answer: A) Any factor that can be manipulated or
measured in a study
What is reliability in research?
A) The consistency of a research instrument or
measurement
B) The accuracy of a research instrument or
measurement
C) The generalizability of research findings
D) The validity of research findings
Answer: A) The consistency of a research instrument
or measurement
What is validity in research?
A) The degree to which a research instrument or
measurement accurately measures what it is intended to measure
B) The consistency of a research instrument or
measurement
C) The generalizability of research findings
D) The accuracy of research findings
Answer: A) The degree to which a research
instrument or measurement accurately measures what it is intended to measure
Which of the following is NOT a research objective?
a) To explore new theories
b) To formulate a new hypothesis
c) To prove an already established fact
d) To develop new practical applications
Answer: c) To prove an already established fact
What is the meaning of the term ‘research’?
a) Collection of information through existing
sources
b) Analysis of data for practical applications
c) Search for new knowledge through systematic
investigation
d) Verification of already established theories
Answer: c) Search for new knowledge through
systematic investigation
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of
research?
a) Systematic approach
b) Replication of existing knowledge
c) Logical and empirical reasoning
d) Objective and unbiased
Answer: b) Replication of existing knowledge
Which of the following is NOT a type of research?
a) Descriptive research
b) Exploratory research
c) Explanatory research
d) Non-empirical research
Answer: d) Non-empirical research
What is the meaning of the term ‘hypothesis’ in
research methodology?
a) A tentative explanation for a phenomenon
b) A fact that is already established
c) A subjective opinion about a situation
d) A biased statement based on personal beliefs
Answer: a) A tentative explanation for a phenomenon
What is the purpose of a literature review in
research methodology?
a) To summarize the research findings
b) To criticize existing research studies
c) To provide a theoretical framework for the
research
d) To suggest practical applications for the
research
Answer: c) To provide a theoretical framework for
the research
Which of the following is NOT a method of data
collection in research methodology?
a) Surveys
b) Experiments
c) Observations
d) Personal opinions
Answer: d) Personal opinions
What is the meaning of the term ‘sampling’ in
research methodology?
a) The process of selecting a representative subset
of a population
b) The process of collecting data from all members
of a population
c) The process of manipulating the data to support
a hypothesis
d) The process of presenting the data in a
graphical format
Answer: a) The process of selecting a
representative subset of a population
Which of the following is NOT a measure of central
tendency?
a) Mean
b) Median
c) Mode
d) Range
Answer: d) Range
What is the purpose of statistical analysis in
research methodology?
a) To manipulate the data to support a hypothesis
b) To summarize the data in a meaningful way
c) To present the data in a graphical format
d) To criticize existing research studies
Answer: b) To summarize the data in a meaningful
way
a hypothesis?
A. A tentative explanation of the research problem
B. A conclusion derived from the research findings
C. A fact that is known to be true
D. A research question
Answer: A. A tentative explanation of the research
problem
Which of the following is a characteristic of a good
hypothesis?
A. It is general and vague
B. It is specific and testable
C. It is based on personal opinion
D. It is unimportant to the research problem
Answer: B. It is specific and testable
Which of the following is an example of a null
hypothesis?
A. There is a positive correlation between exercise
and weight loss
B. There is no correlation between exercise and
weight loss
C. There is a negative correlation between exercise
and weight loss
D. There is a perfect correlation between exercise
and weight loss
Answer: B. There is no correlation between exercise
and weight loss
What is the role of a hypothesis in research?
A. To prove the research question
B. To guide the research process
C. To provide a conclusion to the research problem
D. To justify the research methods
Answer: B. To guide the research process
Which of the following is the correct order of
steps in hypothesis testing?
A. Formulate a hypothesis, analyze the data, draw
conclusions, collect data
B. Collect data, formulate a hypothesis, draw conclusions,
analyze the data
C. Formulate a hypothesis, collect data, analyze
the data, draw conclusions
D. Analyze the data, formulate a hypothesis,
collect data, draw conclusions
Answer: C. Formulate a hypothesis, collect data,
analyze the data, draw conclusions
Which of the following is NOT a type of research
method?
A. Experimental research
B. Correlational research
C. Observational research
D. Ethnographic research
E. All of the above are types of research methods
Answer: E. All of the above are types of research
methods
Which of the following is an advantage of
experimental research?
A. It is easier to generalize the findings to the
population
B. It allows for the examination of
cause-and-effect relationships
C. It is less expensive than other research methods
D. It does not require random assignment of
participants
Answer: B. It allows for the examination of
cause-and-effect relationships
Which of the following is a disadvantage of survey
research?
A. It is time-consuming
B. It is difficult to analyze the data collected
C. It may be subject to response bias
D. It is not representative of the population
Answer: C. It may be subject to response bias
Which of the following is a characteristic of
ethnographic research?
A. It is conducted in a laboratory setting
B. It uses statistical analysis to draw conclusions
C. It involves the researcher living among the
research participants
D. It focuses on numerical data
Answer: C. It involves the researcher living among
the research participants
Which of the following is a strength of case study
research?
A. It is easy to replicate the study in other
settings
B. It provides a broad understanding of a
phenomenon
C. It allows for the examination of
cause-and-effect relationships
D. It is useful for studying rare phenomena
Answer: D. It is useful for studying rare phenomena
Which of the following is the first step in an
experimental research design?
A. Random assignment of participants to groups
B. Selection of a dependent variable
C. Selection of an independent variable
D. Determination of the research question
Answer: D. Determination of the research question
Which of the following is an advantage of using a
true experimental design?
A. It allows for the control of extraneous
variables
B. It is less expensive than other research designs
C. It is easier to generalize the findings to the
population
D. It does not require random assignment of
participants
Answer: A. It allows for the control of extraneous
variables
Which of the following is a disadvantage of using a
pretest-posttest control group design?
A. It is difficult to determine causality
B. It is time-consuming
C. It may be subject to selection bias
D. It does not allow for the examination of
individual differences
Answer: B. It is time-consuming
In an experimental research design, the independent
variable is:
A. Manipulated by the researcher
B. Measured by the researcher
C. Controlled by the researcher
D. None of the above
Answer: A. Manipulated by the researcher
Which of the following is a potential ethical issue
in experimental research?
A. Deception of participants
B. Lack of informed consent
C. Use of a placebo
D. All of the above
Answer: D. All of the above
Which of the following is an advantage of using
survey research?
A. It allows for the manipulation of variables
B. It provides detailed information about
individuals
C. It allows for the examination of cause and
effect relationships
D. It is less expensive than other research methods
Answer: B. It provides detailed information about
individuals
Which of the following is a disadvantage of using
self-administered surveys?
A. They are less time-efficient than other types of
surveys
B. They may have a low response rate
C. They do not allow for the clarification of
questions
D. They are more expensive than other types of
surveys
Answer: B. They may have a low response rate
Which of the following is an example of a
closed-ended question in a survey?
A. How do you feel about your job?
B. What is your opinion on gun control?
C. Have you ever used a credit card?
D. None of the above
Answer: C. Have you ever used a credit card?
Which of the following is a potential source of
bias in survey research?
A. Social desirability bias
B. Sample size bias
C. Observer bias
D. Confounding variables
Answer: A. Social desirability bias
Which of the following is a method for increasing
the response rate in survey research?
A. Using open-ended questions
B. Providing incentives for participation
C. Using a small sample size
D. Not following up with non-respondents
Answer: B. Providing incentives for participation
What is the primary goal of the historical method
in research?
A. To explore cause-and-effect relationships
B. To identify general patterns and trends
C. To understand the origins and development of a
phenomenon
D. To create new knowledge
Answer: C. To understand the origins and
development of a phenomenon
Which of the following is an example of a primary
source in historical research?
A. A textbook about World War II
B. A personal diary written by a soldier during World
War II
C. A newspaper article published in 2021 about
World War II
D. A documentary film about World War II
Answer: B. A personal diary written by a soldier
during World War II
Which of the following is a limitation of the
historical method in research?
A. It is difficult to access primary sources
B. It is difficult to draw causal conclusions
C. It is difficult to analyze qualitative data
D. It is difficult to control for confounding
variables
Answer: B. It is difficult to draw causal
conclusions
Which of the following is a potential bias in
historical research?
A. Observer bias
B. Confirmation bias
C. Sampling bias
D. Confounding bias
Answer: B. Confirmation bias
Which of the following is an example of an artifact
in historical research?
A. A photograph of a building from the 1920s
B. A newspaper article from the 1920s
C. An oral history interview with a person who
lived in the 1920s
D. A journal article published in 2021 about the
1920s
Answer: A. A photograph of a building from the
1920s
Which of the following is a characteristic of the
historical method?
A. It relies on statistical analyses
B. It focuses on the present moment
C. It is interested in the long-term trends
D. It seeks to establish causal relationships
Answer: C. It is interested in the long-term trends
What is the role of interpretation in the
historical method?
A. To make predictions about the future
B. To establish cause-and-effect relationships
C. To analyze primary sources and draw conclusions
D. To compare historical events to current events
Answer: C. To analyze primary sources and draw
conclusions
Which of the following is an example of a secondary
source in historical research?
A. A personal diary written during the time period
being studied
B. A textbook written in the present day about the
time period being studied
C. A newspaper article written during the time
period being studied
D. An archaeological artifact from the time period
being studied
Answer: B. A textbook written in the present day
about the time period being studied
What is the difference between the historical
method and other research methods?
A. The historical method is focused on studying the
past
B. The historical method is more objective than
other research methods
C. The historical method is more interested in
quantitative data than other research methods
D. The historical method is less concerned with
interpreting primary sources
Answer: A. The historical method is focused on
studying the past
What is the purpose of contextualization in the
historical method?
A. To understand the historical significance of an
event or phenomenon
B. To compare historical events to current events
C. To establish causal relationships between
variables
D. To collect primary sources
Answer: A. To understand the historical
significance of an event or phenomenon
What is sampling in research?
A) It refers to the process of selecting a
representative subset of a population for research purposes.
B) It refers to the process of analyzing data
collected from a sample of respondents.
C) It refers to the process of selecting a small
group of experts to provide insights into a research problem.
D) It refers to the process of collecting data from
the entire population of interest.
Answer: A
Which of the following is not a probability
sampling technique?
A) Simple random sampling
B) Stratified sampling
C) Convenience sampling
D) Systematic sampling
Answer: C
What is the primary advantage of stratified
sampling?
A) It ensures that every member of the population
has an equal chance of being selected.
B) It reduces the sampling error and provides more
precise estimates.
C) It is easy and cost-effective to implement.
D) It allows researchers to study complex phenomena
in depth.
Answer: B
Which of the following is an example of a
non-probability sampling technique?
A) Simple random sampling
B) Cluster sampling
C) Convenience sampling
D) Stratified sampling
Answer: C
What is the purpose of cluster sampling?
A) To obtain a representative sample of the
population by dividing it into clusters or groups.
B) To randomly select a subset of the population
without any bias.
C) To select participants based on their
availability and willingness to participate.
D) To obtain a sample of individuals who share
common characteristics.
Answer: A
Which of the following is a disadvantage of
convenience sampling?
A) It can be time-consuming and expensive to
implement.
B) It can lead to biased results due to the
non-random selection of participants.
C) It ensures that every member of the population
has an equal chance of being selected.
D) It requires a large sample size to achieve
accurate results.
Answer: B
What is the purpose of quota sampling?
A) To select participants who share common
characteristics.
B) To obtain a representative sample of the
population by dividing it into strata.
C) To select participants based on their
willingness to participate.
D) To ensure that the sample reflects the
distribution of important variables in the population.
Answer: D
Which of the following is a disadvantage of
systematic sampling?
A) It can be biased towards certain groups in the
population.
B) It can be time-consuming and expensive to
implement.
C) It requires a large sample size to achieve
accurate results.
D) It can lead to the exclusion of certain
individuals from the sample.
Answer: A
Which of the following is an example of a
multistage sampling technique?
A) Simple random sampling
B) Stratified sampling
C) Cluster sampling
D) Convenience sampling
Answer: C
What is the purpose of purposive sampling?
A) To obtain a representative sample of the
population by dividing it into strata.
B) To select participants based on their
willingness to participate.
C) To select participants who share common
characteristics or attributes.
D) To ensure that the sample reflects the
distribution of important variables in the population.
Answer: C
Which of the following is a primary source of data
collection?
a) Surveys
b) Interviews
c) Books
d) Journals
Answer: b) Interviews
What is the method of collecting data by observing
people in their natural setting?
a) Survey method
b) Experimental method
c) Case study method
d) Observation method
Answer: d) Observation method
Which of the following is NOT a data collection
technique?
a) Focus group
b) Literature review
c) Case study
d) Experiment
Answer: b) Literature review
Which type of data collection technique involves collecting
data from a small group of people who share similar characteristics?
a) Survey
b) Case study
c) Focus group
d) Experiment
Answer: c) Focus group
Which of the following is NOT a type of sampling
technique?
a) Random sampling
b) Cluster sampling
c) Convenience sampling
d) Experimental sampling
Answer: d) Experimental sampling
Which of the following is a type of
self-administered questionnaire?
a) Face-to-face survey
b) Telephone survey
c) Mail survey
d) Online survey
Answer: c) Mail survey
Which of the following is an example of a
non-probability sampling technique?
a) Simple random sampling
b) Systematic sampling
c) Stratified sampling
d) Convenience sampling
Answer: d) Convenience sampling
What is the process of assigning numerical values
or other symbols to responses in a survey or questionnaire?
a) Sampling
b) Data collection
c) Data analysis
d) Coding
Answer: d) Coding
Which of the following is a disadvantage of using
secondary data in research?
a) It is usually expensive to obtain.
b) It is often outdated.
c) It is more reliable than primary data.
d) It is more relevant to the research question.
Answer: b) It is often outdated.
Which of the following is an advantage of using
online surveys?
a) They have a higher response rate than other survey
methods.
b) They are easier to administer than other survey
methods.
c) They allow for more detailed responses than
other survey methods.
d) They are less expensive than other survey
methods.
Answer: b) They are easier to administer than other
survey methods.
Which of the following is NOT a data collection
tool in research?
A) Interview schedule
B) Questionnaire
C) Observation checklist
D) Experiment
Answer: D) Experiment
Which data collection tool is typically used in
qualitative research to collect detailed, open-ended responses from
participants?
A) Survey
B) Interview
C) Observation
D) Experiment
Answer: B) Interview
Which data collection tool is typically used in
quantitative research to collect structured, closed-ended responses from
participants?
A) Survey
B) Interview
C) Observation
D) Focus group
Answer: A) Survey
Which of the following is NOT a type of observation
data collection tool in research?
A) Checklist
B) Rating scale
C) Interview
D) Narrative description
Answer: C) Interview
Which data collection tool is typically used in
case study research to collect data from multiple sources and perspectives?
A) Survey
B) Interview
C) Observation
D) Document analysis
Answer: D) Document analysis
Which data collection tool involves the systematic
recording of ongoing behavior or events?
A) Survey
B) Interview
C) Observation
D) Focus group
Answer: C) Observation
Which of the following is a potential disadvantage
of using questionnaires as a data collection tool?
A) Limited response rate
B) Time-consuming
C) Limited sample size
D) Biased responses
Answer: A) Limited response rate
Which data collection tool is typically used in
ethnographic research to collect detailed descriptions of cultural practices
and beliefs?
A) Survey
B) Interview
C) Observation
D) Focus group
Answer: C) Observation
Which data collection tool involves the
participation of a group of individuals who discuss a specific topic under the
guidance of a
moderator?
A) Survey
B) Interview
C) Observation
D) Focus group
Answer: D) Focus group
Which data collection tool is typically used in
experimental research to measure changes in behavior or outcomes?
A) Survey
B) Interview
C) Observation
D) Experiment
Answer: D) Experiment
What is data citation?
a) Giving credit to data creators and publishers
b) Listing data sources in the reference section of
a research paper
c) Both a and b
d) None of the above
Answer: c) Both a and b
Which of the following is NOT a benefit of data
citation?
a) Improved transparency and reproducibility of research
b) Better tracking of data usage and impact
c) Increased control of data by data creators
d) Facilitation of data reuse
Answer: c) Increased control of data by data
creators
What is the purpose of a persistent identifier
(PID) in data citation?
a) To identify data creators and publishers
b) To provide a location for the data
c) To facilitate long-term access and tracking of
the data
d) None of the above
Answer: c) To facilitate long-term access and
tracking of the data
Which of the following is a commonly used data
citation style?
a) APA
b) MLA
c) Chicago
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
Which of the following is NOT a component of a data
citation?
a) Author(s)
b) Title of the dataset
c) Publisher or repository
d) Date of publication
Answer: d) Date of publication
What is the difference between a direct citation
and an indirect citation in data citation?
a) A direct citation includes the exact data used,
while an indirect citation provides a summary or interpretation of the data.
b) A direct citation provides a link to the data,
while an indirect citation does not.
c) There is no difference between a direct and
indirect citation in data citation.
d) None of the above
Answer: a) A direct citation includes the exact
data used, while an indirect citation provides a summary or interpretation of
the data.
Which of the following is NOT a best practice for
data citation?
a) Including the version number of the dataset
b) Providing a link to the dataset
c) Using a PID for the dataset
d) Including a DOI for the dataset
Answer: d) Including a DOI for the dataset
Which of the following is a benefit of using a
standardized data citation format?
a) Facilitation of data discovery and reuse
b) Improved transparency and reproducibility of
research
c) Both a and b
d) None of the above
Answer: c) Both a and b
Which of the following is a commonly used data
citation format?
a) DataCite
b) Dublin Core
c) Both a and b
d) None of the above
Answer: a) DataCite
Which of the following is NOT a reason why data citation
is important?
a) It gives credit to data creators and publishers
b) It facilitates data discovery and reuse
c) It ensures that data are stored securely
d) It improves transparency and reproducibility of
research
Answer: c) It ensures that data are stored securely
Which of the following is not a technique of data
collection in research?
a) Observation
b) Experimentation
c) Interview
d) Analysis
Answer: d) Analysis
What is the main disadvantage of a questionnaire as
a data collection technique?
a) It is time-consuming
b) It is expensive
c) Respondents may not answer truthfully
d) It is difficult to analyze the data collected
Answer: c) Respondents may not answer truthfully
Which technique of data collection is best suited
for studying the behavior of individuals?
a) Survey
b) Observation
c) Experimentation
d) Case study
Answer: b) Observation
Which of the following is not an advantage of using
interviews as a data collection technique?
a) Flexibility in questioning
b) Ability to clarify responses
c) Ability to collect large amounts of data quickly
d) Personal interaction with respondents
Answer: c) Ability to collect large amounts of data
quickly
What is the main disadvantage of using focus groups
as a data collection technique?
a) Respondents may not be representative of the
target population
b) It is difficult to analyze the data collected
c) It is time-consuming
d) Respondents may be reluctant to express their
true opinions
Answer: a) Respondents may not be representative of
the target population
Which data collection technique is best suited for
studying the effectiveness of a new teaching method?
a) Survey
b) Observation
c) Experimentation
d) Case study
Answer: c) Experimentation
Which of the following is an advantage of using
secondary data as a data collection technique?
a) It is always accurate
b) It is readily available
c) It is less expensive than other techniques
d) It provides more detailed information than other
techniques
Answer: b) It is readily available
Which of the following is not a data collection
tool?
a) Questionnaire
b) Interview schedule
c) Focus group guide
d) Data analysis software
Answer: d) Data analysis software
Which of the following is an advantage of using
online surveys as a data collection technique?
a) Respondents are more likely to answer truthfully
b) It is less expensive than other techniques
c) It is easier to analyze the data collected
d) It is not affected by the digital divide
Answer: b) It is less expensive than other
techniques
Which of the following is not a technique of
non-probability sampling?
a) Convenience sampling
b) Quota sampling
c) Random sampling
d) Snowball sampling
Answer: c) Random sampling
Which of the following is a characteristic of a
questionnaire?
a) It is a primary data collection tool.
b) It is an expensive data collection tool.
c) It is a time-consuming data collection tool.
d) It is a secondary data collection tool.
Answer: a) It is a primary data collection tool.
What is the purpose of a questionnaire in research?
a) To collect data from a large number of people.
b) To collect data from a small number of people.
c) To collect data from a specific group of people.
d) To collect data from only the researcher.
Answer: a) To collect data from a large number of
people.
Which of the following is a type of questionnaire?
a) Open-ended questionnaire.
b) Close-ended questionnaire.
c) Both a and b.
d) None of the above.
Answer: c) Both a and b.
What is an open-ended questionnaire?
a) A questionnaire with questions that require a
specific answer.
b) A questionnaire with questions that require a
long answer.
c) A questionnaire with questions that require a
short answer.
d) A questionnaire with no specific format.
Answer: b) A questionnaire with questions that
require a long answer.
What is a close-ended questionnaire?
a) A questionnaire with questions that require a
specific answer.
b) A questionnaire with questions that require a
long answer.
c) A questionnaire with questions that require a
short answer.
d) A questionnaire with no specific format.
Answer: a) A questionnaire with questions that
require a specific answer.
Which of the following is an advantage of a
questionnaire?
a) It is easy to administer.
b) It is time-consuming.
c) It is expensive.
d) It is difficult to analyze.
Answer: a) It is easy to administer.
Which of the following is a disadvantage of a
questionnaire?
a) It is expensive.
b) It is difficult to analyze.
c) It may not be suitable for all types of
research.
d) It cannot be used to collect primary data.
Answer: c) It may not be suitable for all types of
research.
What is a Likert scale?
a) A type of open-ended questionnaire.
b) A type of close-ended questionnaire.
c) A type of research design.
d) A type of sampling technique.
Answer: b) A type of close-ended questionnaire.
Which of the following is a characteristic of a
Likert scale?
a) It has questions with only one possible answer.
b) It has questions with multiple possible answers.
c) It has questions with a rating scale.
d) It has questions with no specific format.
Answer: c) It has questions with a rating scale.
What is a rating scale?
a) A type of open-ended questionnaire.
b) A type of close-ended questionnaire.
c) A type of research design.
d) A type of sampling technique.
Answer: b) A type of close-ended questionnaire.
What is the main advantage of using observation as
a data collection tool in research?
A) It is easy to implement
B) It is cost-effective
C) It allows for collection of rich and detailed
data
D) It does not require any training
Answer: C
In research, observation is considered a(n)
__________ data collection tool.
A) Quantitative
B) Qualitative
C) Mixed-methods
D) None of the above
Answer: B
Which of the following is a disadvantage of using
observation as a data collection tool?
A) The data collected may be biased
B) It is time-consuming
C) It requires extensive training
D) It is difficult to analyze
Answer: B
Which of the following types of observation
involves the researcher observing the subjects from a hidden location?
A) Participant observation
B) Structured observation
C) Unstructured observation
D) Covert observation
Answer: D
Which of the following types of observation
involves the researcher participating in the activities being observed?
A) Participant observation
B) Structured observation
C) Unstructured observation
D) Covert observation
Answer: A
Which of the following is a limitation of using
observation as a data collection tool?
A) It is only useful for collecting quantitative
data
B) It is subject to observer bias
C) It is not appropriate for studying human
behavior
D) It is not suitable for studying complex
phenomena
Answer: B
Which of the following is an advantage of using
structured observation as a data collection tool?
A) It allows for collection of rich and detailed
data
B) It is less time-consuming than other types of
observation
C) It is easy to implement
D) It minimizes observer bias
Answer: D
Which of the following is a disadvantage of using
unstructured observation as a data collection tool?
A) It is time-consuming
B) It requires extensive training
C) It is difficult to analyze
D) It may not provide a complete picture of the
phenomena being studied
Answer: D
Which of the following is an example of a behavior
that can be observed using structured observation?
A) Attitudes towards a political candidate
B) Emotional reactions to a movie
C) Classroom behavior of students
D) Personality traits of individuals
Answer: C
Which of the following is an advantage of using
observation as a data collection tool in naturalistic settings?
A) It is less prone to observer bias
B) It is easier to analyze than other types of data
C) It allows for collection of rich and detailed
data
D) It is less time-consuming than other types of
data collection methods
Answer: C
Which type of interview is best suited for
collecting in-depth information?
a) Structured interview
b) Semi-structured interview
c) Unstructured interview
d) None of the above
Answer: c) Unstructured interview
Which type of interview involves a set of
predetermined questions and a fixed order of asking them?
a) Structured interview
b) Semi-structured interview
c) Unstructured interview
d) None of the above
Answer: a) Structured interview
Which type of interview allows the interviewer to
ask follow-up questions based on the respondent’s answers?
a) Structured interview
b) Semi-structured interview
c) Unstructured interview
d) None of the above
Answer: b) Semi-structured interview
Which type of interview is conducted with a group
of people to collect data?
a) Individual interview
b) Group interview
c) Telephonic interview
d) None of the above
Answer: b) Group interview
Which type of interview is conducted over the phone
or video call?
a) Individual interview
b) Group interview
c) Telephonic interview
d) None of the above
Answer: c) Telephonic interview
Which type of interview is best suited for
collecting data from illiterate people?
a) Written interview
b) Oral interview
c) Telephonic interview
d) None of the above
Answer: b) Oral interview
Which type of interview is most suitable for
collecting data from experts in a particular field?
a) Structured interview
b) Semi-structured interview
c) Unstructured interview
d) None of the above
Answer: c) Unstructured interview
Which type of interview involves asking questions
that are open-ended and allow the respondent to answer in detail?
a) Structured interview
b) Semi-structured interview
c) Unstructured interview
d) None of the above
Answer: c) Unstructured interview
Which type of interview is best suited for
collecting data from a large sample size?
a) Individual interview
b) Group interview
c) Telephonic interview
d) None of the above
Answer: b) Group interview
Which type of interview is most suitable for
collecting data on sensitive topics?
a) Structured interview
b) Semi-structured interview
c) Unstructured interview
d) None of the above
Answer: b) Semi-structured interview
What is the term used for the collection of data
through electronic devices?
a) Digital collection
b) Electronic collection
c) E-data collection
d) Technological collection
Answer: c) E-data collection
Which of the following is an example of
technology-assisted data collection method?
a) Face-to-face interviews
b) Postal surveys
c) Telephone surveys
d) All of the above
Answer: c) Telephone surveys
Which of the following is not a benefit of
technology in data collection?
a) Faster and more efficient data collection
b) Reduced errors in data entry
c) Lower costs for researchers
d) Increased response rates
Answer: c) Lower costs for researchers
Which technology is used to scan paper-based
questionnaires?
a) Optical Character Recognition (OCR)
b) Voice recognition
c) Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)
d) Near Field Communication (NFC)
Answer: a) Optical Character Recognition (OCR)
What is the term used for collecting data by using
a mobile device?
a) Mobile data collection
b) Portable data collection
c) Smartphone data collection
d) Cellular data collection
Answer: a) Mobile data collection
Which of the following is a disadvantage of online
surveys?
a) They are cost-effective
b) They have a larger reach
c) Response rates can be low
d) Participants can’t skip questions
Answer: c) Response rates can be low
Which of the following is a type of software used
for managing and analyzing survey data?
a) Word processing software
b) Spreadsheet software
c) Statistical analysis software
d) Image editing software
Answer: c) Statistical analysis software
What is the term used for collecting data through
sensors and other automated methods?
a) Passive data collection
b) Active data collection
c) Smart data collection
d) Intelligent data collection
Answer: a) Passive data collection
Which of the following is a type of online data
collection method?
a) Web-based surveys
b) In-person surveys
c) Phone surveys
d) Mail surveys
Answer: a) Web-based surveys
Which of the following is an example of a wearable
device used for data collection?
a) Smartwatch
b) Laptop
c) Desktop computer
d) Tablet
Answer: a) Smartwatch
Which data collection tool is used for collecting
qualitative data?
a) Observation
b) Questionnaire
c) Experiment
d) Survey
Answer: a) Observation
Which data collection tool is used for collecting
quantitative data?
a) Observation
b) Questionnaire
c) Experiment
d) Survey
Answer: d) Survey
Which of the following is not a characteristic of a
good questionnaire?
a) Clarity
b) Simplicity
c) Lengthiness
d) Objectivity
Answer: c) Lengthiness
Which of the following is an example of an
open-ended question?
a) What is your age?
b) Do you like pizza?
c) What do you think about the government’s new
policy?
d) How many siblings do you have?
Answer: c) What do you think about the government’s
new policy?
Which data collection tool involves the researcher
asking questions face-to-face?
a) Observation
b) Questionnaire
c) Experiment
d) Interview
Answer: d) Interview
Which of the following is a type of survey?
a) Mail survey
b) Email survey
c) Telephone survey
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
Which data collection tool involves manipulating
one variable to observe its effect on another variable?
a) Observation
b) Questionnaire
c) Experiment
d) Interview
Answer: c) Experiment
Which of the following is an advantage of using
technology in data collection?
a) Faster data collection
b) Better quality data
c) Reduced cost
d) All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
Which of the following is a disadvantage of using a
questionnaire as a data collection tool?
a) Low response rate
b) Biased responses
c) High cost
d) None of the above
Answer: a) Low response rate
Which of the following is a type of observation?
a) Participant observation
b) Non-participant observation
c) Both a and b
d) None of the above
Answer: c) Both a and b
What is the primary objective of qualitative
research?
a) To collect numerical data
b) To test hypotheses
c) To explore and understand complex phenomena
d) To establish cause and effect relationships
Answer: c) To explore and understand complex
phenomena
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of
qualitative research?
a) Subjectivity
b) Emic perspective
c) Quantification of data
d) Contextualization
Answer: c) Quantification of data
Which of the following is an advantage of using
qualitative research?
a) Large sample size
b) Objective data
c) Flexibility in data collection
d) Ability to establish causality
Answer: c) Flexibility in data collection
Which type of sampling is commonly used in
qualitative research?
a) Simple random sampling
b) Stratified random sampling
c) Purposive sampling
d) Cluster sampling
Answer: c) Purposive sampling
Which of the following is NOT a data collection
technique commonly used in qualitative research?
a) Interviews
b) Surveys
c) Observations
d) Focus groups
Answer: b) Surveys
Which of the following is a common method of data
analysis in qualitative research?
a) Statistical analysis
b) Content analysis
c) Experimental design
d) Regression analysis
Answer: b) Content analysis
Which of the following is a disadvantage of using
qualitative research?
a) Limited generalizability
b) Objective data
c) Large sample size
d) Less time-consuming
Answer: a) Limited generalizability
Which of the following is an example of a
qualitative research question?
a) How many students in a class prefer online
learning?
b) What is the experience of students who have
participated in online learning?
c) What is the relationship between student
attendance and academic achievement?
d) What is the impact of a specific teaching
strategy on student learning outcomes?
Answer: b) What is the experience of students who
have participated in online learning?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of
qualitative data?
a) Objective
b) Non-numerical
c) Rich in detail
d) Based on words, images, and observations
Answer: a) Objective
Which of the following is a type of data saturation
commonly used in qualitative research?
a) Theoretical saturation
b) Statistical saturation
c) Mathematical saturation
d) Experimental saturation
Answer: a) Theoretical saturation
What is the purpose of quantitative research?
A. To generate new theories
B. To explain complex phenomena
C. To test hypotheses
D. To understand human experiences
Answer: C
What is the difference between quantitative and
qualitative research?
A. Quantitative research uses numerical data, while
qualitative research uses non-numerical data.
B. Qualitative research is more objective than
quantitative research.
C. Quantitative research is more subjective than
qualitative research.
D. Qualitative research is more generalizable than
quantitative research.
Answer: A
Which of the following is an example of a
quantitative research method?
A. Case study
B. Grounded theory
C. Content analysis
D. Survey
Answer: D
What is a dependent variable in quantitative
research?
A. The variable that is manipulated by the
researcher
B. The variable that is measured or observed by the
researcher
C. The variable that is held constant by the
researcher
D. The variable that is not relevant to the
research question
Answer: B
What is the purpose of a research hypothesis in
quantitative research?
A. To provide a summary of the research findings
B. To explain the research results
C. To suggest future research directions
D. To guide the research design and data analysis
Answer: D
Which of the following is an example of a
quantitative data collection technique?
A. Focus group discussion
B. In-depth interview
C. Participant observation
D. Experiment
Answer: D
What is the main advantage of using a quantitative
research approach?
A. It allows for a deeper understanding of human
experiences
B. It provides more subjective data
C. It allows for statistical analysis and
generalization of findings
D. It is less time-consuming and expensive than
qualitative research
Answer: C
What is a common statistical method used in
quantitative data analysis?
A. Grounded theory
B. Content analysis
C. Factor analysis
D. Discourse analysis
Answer: C
Which of the following is a characteristic of a
good quantitative research question?
A. It is open-ended and exploratory
B. It is based on personal opinions or experiences
C. It is specific and testable
D. It is subjective and difficult to measure
Answer: C
Which of the following is a limitation of
quantitative research?
A. It is difficult to generalize findings to
different contexts
B. It is often biased and influenced by personal
opinions
C. It is time-consuming and expensive
D. It does not allow for statistical analysis of
data
Answer: A
Which of the following is NOT a step in data
analysis?
a) Data cleaning
b) Data visualization
c) Data collection
d) Data transformation
Answer: c) Data collection
Which of the following is a quantitative data
analysis technique?
a) Content analysis
b) Grounded theory
c) Discourse analysis
d) Regression analysis
Answer: d) Regression analysis
What is the first step in data analysis?
a) Data visualization
b) Data transformation
c) Data cleaning
d) Data interpretation
Answer: c) Data cleaning
Which of the following is a statistical software
used for data analysis?
a) SPSS
b) MAXQDA
c) NVivo
d) Atlas.ti
Answer: a) SPSS
What is the purpose of exploratory data analysis?
a) To summarize and describe the data
b) To test hypotheses and make inferences
c) To identify outliers and errors
d) To select appropriate statistical methods
Answer: a) To summarize and describe the data
Which of the following is a method of qualitative
data analysis?
a) Factor analysis
b) Content analysis
c) ANOVA
d) T-test
Answer: b) Content analysis
Which of the following is a type of quantitative
research design?
a) Case study
b) Ethnography
c) Correlational
d) Grounded theory
Answer: c) Correlational
What is the goal of data analysis in qualitative
research?
a) To test hypotheses and make inferences
b) To summarize and describe the data
c) To identify outliers and errors
d) To select appropriate statistical methods
Answer: b) To summarize and describe the data
Which of the following is a non-parametric
statistical test?
a) T-test
b) ANOVA
c) Chi-square test
d) Regression analysis
Answer: c) Chi-square test
Which of the following is a method of data analysis
used in mixed-methods research?
a) Grounded theory
b) Content analysis
c) Triangulation
d) Case study
Answer: c) Triangulation
Which of the following is not a technique of result
analysis in research?
A) Correlation analysis
B) Regression analysis
C) Content analysis
D) Demographic analysis
Answer: D) Demographic analysis
Which of the following is a statistical technique
used to determine the relationship between two or more variables?
A) Correlation analysis
B) Regression analysis
C) Factor analysis
D) Content analysis
Answer: A) Correlation analysis
Which of the following is a technique used to
reduce the number of variables in a dataset?
A) Correlation analysis
B) Regression analysis
C) Factor analysis
D) Content analysis
Answer: C) Factor analysis
Which of the following is a technique used to
identify patterns and themes in qualitative data?
A) Correlation analysis
B) Regression analysis
C) Factor analysis
D) Content analysis
Answer: D) Content analysis
Which of the following is a statistical technique
used to predict the value of one variable based on the value of another
variable?
A) Correlation analysis
B) Regression analysis
C) Factor analysis
D) Content analysis
Answer: B) Regression analysis
Which of the following is a technique used to
compare the means of two or more groups?
A) Correlation analysis
B) Regression analysis
C) T-test analysis
D) Content analysis
Answer: C) T-test analysis
Which of the following is a technique used to
identify the most important variables in a dataset?
A) Correlation analysis
B) Regression analysis
C) Factor analysis
D) Cluster analysis
Answer: D) Cluster analysis
Which of the following is a technique used to
identify the relationships between multiple variables in a dataset?
A) Correlation analysis
B) Regression analysis
C) Multiple regression analysis
D) Content analysis
Answer: C) Multiple regression analysis
Which of the following is a technique used to
identify the differences between two or more groups?
A) Correlation analysis
B) Regression analysis
C) T-test analysis
D) Content analysis
Answer: C) T-test analysis
Which of the following is a technique used to
summarize the data in a dataset?
A) Correlation analysis
B) Regression analysis
C) Descriptive analysis
D) Content analysis
Answer: C) Descriptive analysis
